The Juridical Adaptation of Personal Data Sale

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Alazhar university, cairo

Abstract

The Juridical Adaptation of Personal Data Sale
Hala Abdel Mohsen Sheta
Department of Jurisprudence, Faculty of Islamic and Arabic Studies for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
Email: Halasheta@azhar.edu.eg
Abstract:
This study aims to elucidate the meaning of personal data, how it is collected and processed, and then understand how so-called "data banks" are created. These banks are utilized by commercial companies to assist them in their direct marketing operations for their products. It also discusses the nature of personal data, such as names, titles, numbers, and others, and the significance of this data. Furthermore, it explores the legal implications of selling personal data, whether it is considered a form of wealth or not, the permissibility of trading in it, and whether data can be sold through delegation. The study follows an inductive deductive approach, in addition to the scientific methodology employed in scientific research. Among the most important results: personal data is not only a benefit but is even more valuable than financial benefits because it is stored and saved for future needs, making its sale permissible. It is also permissible to sell it through delegation, but selling it out of access by a person rather than the owner is not allowed. The primary beneficiaries of selling personal data are major internet companies such as Google, Facebook, Amazon, and others. As for the data owners, the compensation they receive is the free services they get on the internet and social media platforms.
 

Keywords


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