Crime Scene and its Legal Consequences to Prove a Charge

Abstract


Crime Scene and its Legal Consequences to Prove a Charge
A Comparative Juristic Study
Mamdouh Waer Abdel-Rahman Mehani
 Department of Islamic Sharia, Faculty of Law, Ain
Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Email: mm.elwaer@gmail.com
Abstract      
The present study raises a significant question concerning crime scene and its legal effect to prove a charge, through clarifying the notion of the crime scene, legality of crime scene examination, the binding force of the findings of examination in proving and mentioning some modern examples taken from crime scene like Fingerprint and DNA fingerprinting, with clarifying their argument as proofs for different crimes in Islamic jurisprudence.  It answers many relevant questions, such as what is the meaning of the crime scene? To what extent the examination is legal? Who has the power to examine? Is it legal to examine using police dogs? What is the relation between the crime scene and circumstantial evidence? How can the crime scene be used as a circumstantial evidence in case of proving charges and in case of negation? Can the burden of proof be converted from one party to another because of that? What are the most famous examples of the effects of examining the crime scene? What is the difference between fingerprint and DNA fingerprint? What are the sources of extracting the DNA fingerprint and its relation to crime scene? And to what extent the fingerprints are regarded as a binding force in proving different types of crimes?  The study adopts an analytical approach, through studying the texts of the jurists and analyzing them in order to extract the rulings of the crime scene. It also adopts a comparative approach, through mentioning opinions of the jurists in disputed cases with their arguments and discussions related to that. It reaches the most preponderant opinion after discussing the opinions. The most important conclusions of the study include the following: 1) Islamic jurisprudence studies the crime scene to clarify its role in disclosure about different types of crimes.2) Crime scene plays a role in proving a charge either through considering it as a circumstantial evidence for proving, for negation, or for converting the burden of proving from one party to another. 3) It gives preference to the opinion that prescribed punishments and legal retribution cannot be proved by circumstantial evidence extracted from fingerprints. It gives preference to the opinion that circumstantial evidence can be used to prove the non-prescribed penalties on condition that they are conclusive.
Keywords: Crime scene, circumstantial evidence, proving a charge, fingerprint and DNA fingerprinting

Keywords

References

References
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-        Al-Faqih wa Al-Mutafaqh, Al-Khateeb Al-Bughdadi, Dar Ibn Al-Jawzi, Saudi Arabia, 2nd edition, 1421AH.
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-        Qawaed Al-Ahkam fi Masaleh Al-Anam, Ezz Ad-Deen As-Salami, Dar al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, no date.
Fourth: Doctrinal Fiqh:
a-    Hanfai doctrine:
-        Al-Ikhtiyar li Talil Al-Mukhtar, Abd Allah Bin Mahmoud Bin Mawdoud, Dar al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1426AH-2005AD.
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-        Al-Jamea As-Sagheer, Ash-Shaybani, Alam Al-Kutub, Beirut, 2nd edition, 1406AH.
-        Ad-Durr Al-Mukhtar, Al-Hasfaki, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, 2nd edition, 1386AH.
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-        An-Natf fi Al-Fatawi, As-Saadiyy, Dar Al-Furqan, Amman, 2nd edition, 1404AH-1984AD.
-        Bedayat Al-Mubtada fi Fiqh Al-Imam Abi Hanifah, Al-Merghayani, Ali Sobh Press, Cairo,no date.
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-        Tabyeen Al-Haqaeaq Sharh Kinz Ad-Daqaeq, Az-Zaylaei, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Islami, Cairo, 1313AD.
-        Takmilat Al-Bahr Ar-Raeq Sharh Kinz Ad-Daqaeq, At-Touri, Dar Al-Marifah, Beirut, 2nd edition, no date.
-        Hashiyyat Ibn Abdeen, Ibn Abdeen, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, 2nd edition, 1421AH-2000AD.
-        Durrar Al-Hukkam Sharh Ghurrar Al-Ahkam, Bakhsero, Ahmad Kamel Press, Cairo, no date.
-        Raseal Ibn Abdeen, Ibn Abdeen, Fouad Beeno, Beirut, no date.
-        FaTh Al-Qadeer, Kamal Ad-Deen As-Syowasi, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, 2nd edition, no date.
-        Lisaan Al-Hukkam fi Marifat Al-Ahkam, Ibrahim Bin Abi Al-Yaman, Al-Babi Press, Cairo, 2nd edition, 1393AH-1973AD.
-        Al-Ahkam Al-Adliyyah Magazine, Magazine Association, no date
-        Majmaa Al-Anhur fi Sharh Multaqa Al-Abhur, Abd Ar-Rahman Al-Klibouli,Dar al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1st edition, 1419AH-1998AD.
-        Maeen Al-Hukkam Feema Yataraddad Bayn Al-Khasmayn min Al-Ahkam, Ali Bin Khalil At-Trabulsi, Al-Babi press, Egypt, 2nd edition, 1393AH-1973AD.
b- Maliki Doctrine:
-        At-Taj wa Al-Iklil, Al-Muwaq, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, 2nd edition, 1398AH.
-        At-Talqeen fi Al-Fiqh Al-Maliki, Abd Al-Wahhab Bin Nasr Ath-Thalabi, At-Tujaryyah Bookshop, Makkah, 1st editon, 1415AH.
-        Ath-Thamr Ad-Dani Sharh Risalat Ibn Abi Zayd Al-Qayrawani, Ath-Thaqafiyyah Bookshop, Beirut, no date.
-        -Az-Zaghirah, Al-Qarafi, Beirut,Dar Al-GHarb,1994AD.
-        Ash-Sharh Al-Kabir, Ad-Dardeer, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut,no date.
-        Al-Mudawanah Al-Kubrah, Al-Asbahi, Dar Sader, Beirut,no date.
-        Bedayat Al-Mujtahid wa Nihayat Al-Muqtasid, Al-Qurtobi, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut,no date.
-        Tabsirat Al-Hukam fi Usul Al-Aqddyah wa Manahij Al-Ahkam, Al-yaumori, Dar al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, , 1422AH-2001AD.
-        Hashyat Ad-Dusouqi ala Ash-Sharh Al-Kabir, Ad-Dsouki, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut,no date.
-        -Resalat Abi Zayd Al-Qayrawani, Dar Al-Fikr,  Beirut,no date.
-        Sharh Al-Kharashi ala Mukhtasar Sayadi Khalil, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut,no date.
-        Sharh Mayarat Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Al-Maliki, Dar al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1st edition, 1420AH-2000AD.
-        Manh Al-Jalil Sharh Mukhtasar Saidi Khalil, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut 1409AH-1989AD.
-        Shafei Doctrine:
-        Asna Al-Matalib fi Sharh Rawd At-Talib, Zakaria Al-Ansari, Dar al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1st edition, 1422AH-2000AD.
-        Al-Iqnaa fi Al-Fiqh Ash-Shafei, Al-Mawerdi, Dar Al-Orouba, Kuwait, 1st edition, 1402AH-1982AD.
-        Al-Iqnaa fi Hal Alfaz Abi Shougaa, Muhammad Ash-Sherbeeni Al-Khateeb, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, 1415AH.
-        Al-Umm, Ash-Shafi, Dar Al-Marifeh, Beirut 2nd edition 1393AH.
-        Al-Hawi Al-Kabir fi fiqh Mazhab Al-Imam Ash-Shafi, Al-Mawardi, Dar al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1st  edition, 1419AH-1990AD.
-        Al-Majmoua, An-Nawawi, Dar Al-Fikr Beirut, 1997AD.
-        -Al-Muhazab fi Fiqh Al-Imam Ash-Shafi, Ash-Shrazi, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, No date.
-        Al-Wasit fi Al-Mazhab, Al-Ghazali, Dar As-Salam, Cairo, 1st edition, 1417 AH. 
-        Tuhfat Al-Habib ala Sharh Al-Khatib, Al-Bejirmi, Dar al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1st edition, 1417AH-1996AD.
-        Al-Bejirmi ala Sharh Manhaj At-Tulab, Al-Bejirmi, Islamyiah bookshop, Turkey, no date.  
-        Hashyat Al-Jamal ala Sharh Manhaj Zakaria Al-Ansari, Sulyman Al-Jamal, Dar Al-Fikr Beirut, no date.    
-        Hashyat Ar-Ramli ala Asna Al-Matalib, Ash-Shubari, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Islami, 1313AH, no date.
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-        Fateh Al-Muain bi Sharh Qurat Al-Ayin, Al-Melybari, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, no date.
-        Mughni Al-Muhtaj, Ash-Sherbini, Dar Al-Fikr,  Beirut, no date.  
-        Nihayat Az-Ziyn fi Irshad Al-Mubtadyin, Al-Jawi Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, 1st edition, no date.
-        Nihayat Al-Muhtaj ela Sharh Al-Minhaj, Ash-Shafi As-Saghir, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, 1404AH-1984AD.
d- Hanbali doctrine:
-        Al-Iqnaa fi Fiqh Al-Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal,  Sharf Ad-Deen Musa Bin Ahmad Al-Hijjawi, Dar Al-Marifah, Beirut, 1st edition, no date.
-        Al-Insaf fi Marifat Ar-Rajih min Al-Khilaf, Al-Mirdawi, Dar Ihyaa At-Turath, Beirut, no date.
-        Ash-Sharh Al-Kabir, Abd Ar-Rahman Bin Qudmah Al-Maqdesi, Al-Manar Press, Cairo, no date.
-        At-Turuq Al-Hukmiah fi As-Siyasah Ash-Shariah, Ibn Al-Qayyim Al-Jawzayyah, Madani Publisher, cairo, no date.
-        Al-Furoa, Al-Maqdisi, Dar al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1st edition, 1418AH.
-        Al-Kafi fi fiqh Al-Imam Al-Mubajal Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, Ibn Qudamah Al-Maqdisi, Al-Maktab Al-Islami, Beirut, no date.
-        Al-Mubda fi sharh Al-Muqnia, Ibn Mufleh Al-Hanbali, Al-Maktab Al-Islami, Beirut, 1400AH.
-        Al-Mughni, Ibn Qudamah, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, 1st  edition,1405AH. 
-        An-Nukat wa Al-Fawaid As-Sunniah ala Mushkil Al-Muharar, Ibn Mufleh Al-Hanbali, Al-Marif Bookshop, Riyad 2nd edition, 1404AH.
-        Sharh Az-Zarkashi ala Mukhtasar Al-Kharki, Dar al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1st  edition, 1423AH.
-        Sharh Muntaha Al-Iradat Al-Musama: Daqaeq Uli An-Nuha li Sharh Al-Muntaha,  Al-Buhuti, Allam Al-Kutub, Beirut, 2nd edition, 1996 AD.
-        Kashaf Al-Qenaa an Matin Al-Iqnaa, Al-Buhuti, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, 1402AH.
-        Mukhtasar Al-Qarqi men Masael Al-Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal,Al-Kharqi, Al-Maktab Al-Islami, Damascus, 3rd  edition, 1403AH.
-        Mataleb Uli An-Nuha fi Sharh Ghayat Al-Muntaha, Al-Ruhaybani, Al-Maktab Al-Islami, Damascus, 1961AD.
E- Zaheri Doctrine:
-        Al-Muhalla, Ibn Hazm, Dar Al-Afaq Al-Jadidah, Beirut, no date.
F- Zaydi Doctrine:
-        Al-Bahr Az-Zakhkhar Al-Jamea li Mazaheb Ulmaa Al-Amsar, Ahmad Bin Yahia Al-Murtada, Dar Al-Hikmah Al-Yamaniyyah, Sanaa, 1st edition, 1366AH-1947AD.
-        As-Sayl Al-Jarrar Al-Mutadafiq ala Hadaeq Al-Azhar, Ash-Shawkani, Dar al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1st edition, 1405AH.
G- Imami Doctrine:
-        Ar-Rawdah Al-Bahiyyah Sharh Al-Lamaah ad-Demashqiyyah, Zayn Ad-Deen Al-Ameli, Majmaa Al-Fikr Al-Islami, 12th edition, 1436AH.
-        Al-Mukhtasar An-Nafea fi Fiqh Al-Imamiyyah, Najm Ad-Deen Jafar, Ministry of Endowments, Cairo, 2nd edition, 1378AH-1958AD.
-        Gawaher Al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharea Al-Islam. An-Najafi, Dar Ihyaa At-Turath Al-Arabi, Beirut, 7th edition, 1981AD.
H-    Ibadi Doctrine:
-        Sharh Kitab An-Neel wa Shifaa Al-Alil, Muhammad Bin Yusuf Atfeesh, Al-Irshad Bookshop, Jeddah, 2nd edition, 1392AH-1972AD.
Fifth : Dictionaries and Language Books:
-        Al-Qamous Al-Muheet, Al-Fayrouzabadi, Ar-Risalah Corporation, no date.
-        Al-Muhkam wa Al-Muheet Al-Azam, Ali Bin Ismail Bin Sayyeduh Al-Mursi, Dar al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1st edition, 2000AD.
-        Al-Misbah Al-Muneer fi Gharib Ash-Sharh Al-Kabir, Ahmad Bin Muhammad Al-Muqri Al-Fayoumi, Dar al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, no date.
-        An-Nihayyah fi Gharib Al-Hadith wa Al-Athar, Al-Jazari, Al-Ilmiyyah Bookshop, Beirut, 1399AH- 1979AD.
-        Lisaan Al-Arab, Ibn Manzour, Dar Sader, Beirut, 1st edition, no date.
-        Mukhtar As-Sahhah, Ar-Razi, Lebanon Bookshop, Beirut, 1415AH-1995AD.
-        Mujam Maqayees Al-Lughah, Ahmad Bin Fares Bin Zakariyya, Dar Al-Jeel, Beirut, 1420AH-1999AD.
Sixth: Modern Fiqh specialized and General Books:
-        Dr. Saeed Abu Al-Fotouh, Al-Madkhal fi At-Tashrie Al-Islami wa Nazareyyatuh Al-Madaniyyah wa Al-Jinaeiyyah, Prepared for publishing in Ain Shams University, no date,
-        Ahmad Ibrahim Beik, Turoq Al-Ithbat Ash-Shareiyyah, Wasel Alaa Ad-Deen, 3rd edition, 1405AH-1985AD.
-        Ahmad FaThi Bahnasi, Nazariyyat Al-Ithbat fi Al-Fiqh Al-Jinaei, Dar Ash-Shrouq, Cairo, 4th edition, 1403AH-I983AD.
-        Saleh Bin Ghanem, Al-Qaraen wa Dawrouha fi Al-Ithbat fi Ash-Shariah Al-Islamiyyah, Dar Belancyee, Riyadh, 2nd edition, 1418AH.
-        Abd Ar-Rahman Muhammad Sharafi, Taaroud l-Bayanat Al-Qadaeiyyah fi Al-Fiqh Al-Islami, Al-Kamlabi Press, Cairo, 1406AH-1986AD.
-        Muhammad Raafat Uthamn, An-Nizam Al-Qadaai fi Al-Fiqh Al-Islami, Al-Falah Bookshop, Kuwait, 1st edition, 1410AH-1989AD.
-        Muhammad Mahmoud Ash-Shennawi, Tatbeeqat Technologia Al-BaHth Al-Jinaaei, 2019AH- 2020 AD.
-        Muhammad Mahmoud Hashim, Al-Qadaa wa Nizam Al-Ithbat fi Al-Fiqh Al-Islami wa Al-Anzimah Al-Wadeiyyah, Libraries Section King Saud University, Riyadh, 1st edition, 1408AH-1988AD.
-        Muhammad Mustafa Az-Zuhelei, Wasael Al-Ithbat fi Ash-Shariah Al-Islamiyyah fi Al-Muaamalat Al-Madaniyyah wa Al-Ahwal Ash-Shakhsiyyah, Dar Al-Bayan Bookshop, Damascus, 1st edition, 1402AH-1982AD.
-        Mustafa Ahmad Az-Zurqaa, Al-Fiqh Al-Islami fi Thawabih Al-Jadid, or Al-Madkhal Al-Fiqhi Al-Aam Alif Baa Al-Adeeb, Damascus, 9th 1967-1968AD.
-        Hisham Abd Al-Hamid Faraj, Moayanat Masrah Al-Jarimah, no edition, 2007AD.
-        Wahbah Az-Zuheili, Al-Fiqh Al-Islami wa Adillatih, Dar Al-Fikr, Damascus, 1st edition, 1404AH-1984AD.
-        Saad Ahmad Mahmoud Salamah, Moayanat Masrah Al-Jarimah wa Al-Ithbat Al-Jinaei, no edition, 2020-2021AD.
Seventh: Academic Theses:
-        Zeyad Abd Al-Hamid, Dour Al-Qaraen Al-Hadithah fi Al-Ithbat fi Ash-Shariah Al-Islamiyyah wa Tatbeeqateha fi Al-Mahakem Ash-Shariah fi Gaza, Unpublished MA thesis, Faculty of Shariah, Gaza, 1426AH-2005AD.
-        Tawfiq Abd Allah Al-Khashashinah, Moayanat Masrah Al-Jarimah Min Khilal Shabakat Al-Maloumat, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Faculty of Law, Ain Shams University, 1438AH-2016AD.
-        Muhamad Muhammad Enab, Moayanat Masrah Al-Jarimah, unpublished PhD Thesis, Police Academy, Faculty of Higher Studies, 1988AD.
Eighth: Researches, Journals, and Conferences:
-        Zayd Ibn Abd Allah Bin Ibrahim, Al-Basmah Al-Werathiyyah wa Athruha fi Al-Inbat, Al-Qaraen At-Tibiyyah al-Moasirah wa Atharha Al-Fiqhiyyah, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, 1431AH-2010AD.
-        Mahmoud Harbi Abd Al-Fattah, Al-Ahkam Al-Fiqhiyyah Al-Motaaliqah bi Kilab Al-Hirasah, Faculty of Islamic and Arabic Studies Journal , Damanhur, volume 6, 2016.
-        Resolutions of The Islamic Fiqh Council in Makkah, Sessions from 1 to 17, resolutions 101 &102, 1398-1424AH/1977-2004AD, Muslim World League, Islamic Fiqh Council.
 

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History

  • Receive Date: 08 January 2022
  • Revise Date: 16 February 2022
  • Accept Date: 08 March 2022

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